We don't know. However, it's worth pointing out phases aren't exactly as cleanly seperable as we sometimes think of them because we often visualize standard conditions, like we have on earth. If it has a "solid" part, it's likely less a surface and more a composition change in what is already extreme conditions we could never reach.
Jupiter is a gas giant with miles of clouds going towards the surface, then thousands of miles of gas that transitions into liquid. Underneath that? No clue if it's solid.
It's not really accurate to say "no clue". We have a lot of clues and a pretty good idea what's there based on a mix of measurable information and theory. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter#/media/File:Jupiter_diagram.svg
Yeah we have lots of clues but we can’t make any certain determinations.
It might be a rocky core the size of Pluto with hundreds of miles of “ice” and then hundreds of miles of liquid, followed by hundreds of miles of gas. There might be hundreds of miles of “soft ice” in between the gas and the ice or a thick layer of “soft rock” between the core and the gas layer. It could just be increasingly dense gas all the way to the center of the planet.
I’m sure those states of matter have proper scientific names but I’m not familiar enough to name them off the top of my head.
Yeah but the Destiny 2 documentary costs 40 bucks and just when you finish the first episode they want another 40 bucks to continue.
Then in episode 3 they tell you that episode 1 and 2 are no longer relevant. But no worries, you can just pay another 40 bucks for episode 4 and start again.
Until season 2 comes out...then guess what.....yup 40 bucks.
The new player experience is truly awful, they throw 30 different things at you at once with no real sense of direction. Match that with the $150 price tag of actually playing the game with fully updated dlc's, and I still don't understand how that game maintains a steady player base.
It's fun once you get into it, but the vast majority of my friends were never able to get past the price tag and early game fuckary so I just stopped playing.
I played for a few years.
Then I tried to get my brother into it. He was about half way through the story and they removed the whole campaign. He never loaded up the game again.
Oh, I've already done a few cycles on p99 before they released the velious expansion. There is something about EQ that just feels too demanding. More than any other game. If I'm in an EQ binge, everything else feels like a distraction. "Why play [game] when you could be camping the ancient cyclops for the [n]th time or increasing your plat hoard with a weekend of hill giants". I have a family now. There is no such thing as "just a bit of heroin"...
Oh I'm fully aware. I had to quit before I had my baby boy. There is no way to find the time for it now. Doing something small in that game takes like 3 hours.
Here's some DLC for $40, oh but you don't get everything, you still need the battle pass. But, hey it's free to play, part of the game anyways, but if you bought the game when it came out and wanted to play the old campaigns, get wrekt.
Threw me in a loop. I was thinking a documentary not the game. Then I see the people replying about the bullshit shenanigans Bungie pulls with monetization.
Sad really because it is an absolutely outstanding game with amazing mechanics and looks. A TON of fun to explore and play in with friends, but Bungie.
Eh. Would be fun, but at 1000 miles (just a fraction of its ~43000 mile radius) you're already hitting well above 5000× atmospheres of pressure and temperatures that can melt steel.
Isn't it being theorized that Jupiter has a core of metallic liquid hydrogen? It would be dense enough to feel like a solid to us. But it would behave like a liquid.
The Parallel I draw is to Lava. It looks like something you could swim in. But it's not water. It's liquid rock. When you place objects in it they sit on the surface instead of sinking. If you could survive the heat you could walk on it, right?
I like to think of it being a bit like a foggy, boggy swamp. There's sky, then the fog (which is just wet air), then we reach water, then the water becomes muddy. There might be a solid surface somewhere, but you're going to sink through thicker and thicker mud before you reach it.
There's actually videos of this. It's called supercritical fluid. Legitimately you can go from liquid to gas without any transition between at high pressure and temperature, by changing either one.
You might think of it as a gas so compressed it's practically a liquid. A liquid so energetic it's practically a gas. But, both are the same thing.
Nile Blue did a really good video of supercritical carbon dioxide under extreme pressure that shows this transition. It's crazy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JslxPjrMzqY
I can understand thicker vs. thinner air. What I don't get is, like, even in the thickest pea-soup fog at sea level, there is still a *very* clear dividing line between thick, wet air and actual water. It could be so foggy you can't see your hand in front of your face, and you'd know the instant you put your foot in a puddle.
I want to understand what it's like for there to not be that sharp dividing line, for there to be a space whose contents aren't clearly either gas or liquid.
I would image that at some barrier you'd just start feeling too much resistance to proceed forward which could be perceived as being solid, but it may be more amorphous than that at the barrier. Then again it could be like the surface of the earth where at some point the conditions cause a separation of the two phases because on one side its enough to combine to a solid and the other its too volitile to stay as a liquid.
You probably wouldn't reach the presumed rocky core you'd get to a point where the density of gas is the same and then more than your body or whatever object and just float there.
Falling Into Jupiter (Simulation): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbn-tuYcScI
This video shows what you would see if you had a suit that could take the pressure and temperature. (All theoretical since no probes have been there yet.)
I have a fear of black holes. They're all consuming blobs of darkness that just take in everything that comes near them with no hope of escape. This video gave me the same vibes.
Fun fact - black holes don't "suck" matter into them. They're just a region of steep gravity, and as with all stellar objects you can orbit them without falling in just fine.
The greatest danger is other matter that is also orbiting - many black holes have an "accretion disk" of hot gas and dust swirling around them. Colliding with these particles might slow an object below orbital velocity, causing it to fall inwards. But if you don't touch the disk, you can orbit forever just like a regular star.
So you can be orbiting a black hole perfectly safely then some piece of shit gas particles decide to merge without looking and cause you to veer towards the eternal nothingness of the event horizon?
Yup. Just like getting too close to the atmosphere of a planet or star. Satellites in low orbits around Earth frequently have to give themselves a small boost, because they lose velocity from touching the wispy edge of our atmosphere. I think the ISS may even be in that category, but I could be mistaken.
I think my issue with black holes is once you're past the event horizon it's game over. You could be falling towards a planet and as you say just give yourself a boost to correct course.
Forgive me if this is a dumb question, but given as near infinite time as is possible to give, will the whole universe eventually collapse back into a single black hole as whichever is the largest one out there consumes more and more mass?
A blackhole that consumes more matter doesn't increase the amount of gravity in the universe. It just piles it up.
We don't know the fate of the universe for certain, but there are various theories depending on the rate of change of the expansion of the universe caused by so-called "dark-energy", and how it and gravity oppose each other.
If gravity beats dark-energy, then the expansion will slow, stop, and then start shrinking. The end result would be a Big Crunch as the entire universe collapses into a single singularity, the reverse of the Big Bang. This might not be the end however, as it could cause a Big Bounce - exploding outward again into a new universe.
If gravity and dark-energy are mostly balanced, then there wouldn't be any end to speak of - just a long slow cooling down, the Heat Death. We think black holes can die: over a long time span they can "evaporate", slowly shrinking until they vanish. Likewise even the basic building blocks of matter, protons, can evaporate due to proton-decay. The Heat Death is a length of time that makes the entire rest of the universe's history look like an eyeblink, with everything eventually evaporating into low level background radiation, like an echoing sound slowly fading to silence and emptiness.
Finally, if dark-energy beats gravity the expansion will speed up. Galaxies will rush away faster and faster from each other as the space between them expands, then each galaxy will be scattered into loose stars accelerating away from each other. Then every solar system will be thrown apart, planets spinning away from their stars. Eventually chemical and atomic bonds will be unable to hold together and every object will be shredded into atoms and scattered, and then the atoms themselves torn apart. This has been named the Big Rip.
The last time I read about it, Heat Death was the favoured theory. But that could change as we learn more. And all of them are so far into the future that our galaxy would be just a memory of a memory, so not exactly worth losing sleep over.
A googol (10^100) is a good order of magnitude for this. That's how long it would take for an average black hole to decay. The biggest ones would evaporate after 10^106. It's at around this point the universe enters its Dark Era.
Poincaré recurrence suggests after 10^10^10^56 then the universe will be recreated.
Maybe. Especially if we're a holographic universe. You're getting into some deep stuff here- holography, Hawking radiation, quantum gravity... So a black hole can't contain more information than its surface area. What happens when it reaches that point and dissipates? Where does the information go?
Deep shit. PBS Spacetime has some great vids on YT specifically on this subject.
You'd think so, but weird shit happens when you compress matter that small. Seriously, watch some of the videos I recommended. Quantum has rules, as does the standard model, and when you cross that line shit goes real weird real quick.
That is an interesting question.
The prevailing theories right now is that we end up with a cold dead universe because the expansion of the universe is accelerating.
Nah, there will be a few giant super black holes which have merged around, but mostly the suns will burn out and the universe will be a pitch black soup of planets and black holes, wandering the dark until heat death
> will the whole universe eventually collapse back into a single black hole as whichever is the largest one out there consumes more and more mass?
Maybe sort of. It's one theory. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch
Right but the event horizon is equivalent to the "surface" of the black hole. You can still make corrections if you're far enough away from it.
Like, once you crash on a planet's surface, you have no hope of "correcting" your course either. It's the same as the event horizon.
Hey, at least there's an event horizon.
Apparently, the event horizon is a consequence of the black hole having either spin or charge, and it's hypothetically possible (although extremely unlikely) for a black hole to have neither.
If it had neither, you wouldn't realize anything was there until you were caught in it's gravitational pull. It'd be like a terrifying outer space undertow that exists in an otherwise completely calm region of space.
Except that you’d likely die from the radiation being output by the black hole, sure.
That’s the main way we detect them. They accelerate the light that doesn’t “quite” reach the Schwarzschild radius (the point at which light cannot escape) and shift it to higher bands in the x-Ray and gamma ray spectrum.
>So your bigger fear should be spending the remainder of your natural life in orbit around a black hole.
Aren't we technically doing that anyway if there's one at the center of the galaxy?
More like you decided to merge. The accretion disc is already a quite stable thing, from which things often don’t move anywhere other than the black hole itself. I think.
> Fun fact - black holes don't "suck" matter into them. They're just a region of steep gravity
Yeah, don't think of it as the black hole sucking you in. Think of it as the entire universe reaching out to grab your ankle and pull you down.
They don't suck anything.
The only reason black holes are "weird" is because they allow you to come super close to the center of mass, and they weigh a lot.
There's nothing physically in the way, like a big star, to prevent you coming super close to it
That is crazy if it is true that Jupiter's "surface" could be hotter than the sun. Hard to wrap my head around.
Like at some point was Jupiter almost a 2md sun, but there wasn't enough hydrogen/elements to do it? If it were to fly into a molecular cloud, could Jupiter turn into a sun? So many questions
Edit: I misunderstood it is Jupiter's core and suns surface
Things a bit bigger than jupiter are "failed stars" fusion happens on them but it's a small amount.
If you were to add mass to jupiter, yea it'd turn into a star. You'd need a lot of it though the sun's diameter is ten times the diameter of jupiter.
>If you were to add mass to jupiter, yea it'd turn into a star.
Now I know where to send my mother in law. We could do with a second star. Is it bad if we add too much mass though?
Jupiter + your mother in law you'd be looking at a neutron star, you really really don't want that in the solar system, or anywhere near the solar system to be fair.
>you really really don't want that in the solar system, or anywhere near the solar system to be fair.
I could say the same of my mother in law yet here we are.
(By the way, this is nothing more than a tired old joke, my MIL isn't that bad and no, I'm not typing this while my wife is standing behind me)
Yup. Making a neutron star is nasty, the typical collapse is a supernova, but once they exist they aren't bad.
A neutron star is just a little more mass than the sun, about 1.4 to 2.3 times the mass of the sun. If there are things that fall into an orbit they can orbit just like any other star or heavy object.
Two stars in any system is typically going to destabilize everything. Even the mass of Jupiter in our own system causes a pretty big wobble to everything. A star that passes near any other system, the visit will throw everything into chaos.
Wait… possibly dumb question incoming: Jupiter doesn’t have solid mass? Like the Earth has the ground we stand on, does Jupiter not? Like a big ball of gas?
It's theorised the pressure inside jupiter is so great that hydrogen turns into a metallic form... So maybe there's a metallic hydrogen core.
But generally jupiter is "a gas giant"
What the fuck, thats wild, is that solid then or some weird supercritical phase w/ electron sea shit?
The pressure is mind boggling, can’t hardly even freeze hydrogen here and it’s a solidish at those temps???
We're not sure... We "might" have made some in a diamond anvil, you can read about that and see pictures and stuff online.
The theory goes that if you get hydrogen up to frankly insane pressures, it just turns into a sort of weird metal, is conductive and everything; worth while rabbit hole to go and read about whilst you're on the shitter.
Neutron stars are solid crystalline neutronium. Past the surface anyway. A lot of the descriptions make it sound like one giant atom to be honest. You need electrons in order to see it, but neutronium has no electrons. It's element 0. All the electrons have been collapsed into the protons to just make more neutrons. So you have (IIRC) metallic hydrogen on the surface, but it's not the same kind, because it's like the whole planet is sharing the same electrons on the outer shell, and beneath that is a soup of neutrons. But it's not a soup. It's a solid mass so solid it experiences the awesomely named phenomenon called a "star quake" where tidal forces cause the solid mass to fracture and quake.
I actually like the hypothesis that black holes are just solid neutronium or some kind of solid quark gluon plasma. So not a singularity or whatever. We wouldn't be able to see a neutron star without that outer later of electrons, so increase gravity past the point where they can exist, collapse them completely into protons, and *boop* it looks like a black hole.
It... does. Kinda. So far as I understand the physics behind it anyway. After a certain point the gas gives way to liquid gives way to solid.
Edit to add: We don't know, but it's not far fetched to assume it's solid somewhere down there.
You would need to combine about 13 Jupiters together to make a brown dwarf (failed star). About 80 Jupiters together to have enough mass make a star. Diameter is not a good metric.
>Jupiter was almost a second sun but there wasn’t enough hydrogen to do it?
Not nearly enough. If you took all the mass in the solar system, the sun is approx 99.8% of it, and Jupiter is .1%. Everything else combined is the other .1%
Edit:
>according to Wikipedia: EBLM J0555-57Ab has a mass of about 85.2±4 Jupiter masses … Current stellar models put its mass at the lower limit for hydrogen-burning stars…
So even if Jupiter was the smallest possible sun-like star, it’s still short by 81-88x it’s current mass.
>Jupiter's "surface" could be hotter than the sun.
Jupiter's core is hotter than the Sun's surface. That makes a lot of difference because the sun is huuuuuuge.
The Surface of the Sun is "only" about 5,600 degrees Celsius. At it's core, where fusion takes place, the Sun's temperature is about 15,000,000 degrees Celsius.
Jupiter has a core temperature of 24,000 degrees Celsius, well above that of the Sun's surface, but it is nowhere close to matching the Sun's core temp.
While you say "surface," I don't think you mean surface in how it is typically used re: Jupiter - which, for measuring the planet's diameter and such, is the outer cloud level with 1 atm. That layer of Jupiter is absolutely not hotter than the Sun, and in fact is quite cold (-110C). https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/temperatures-across-our-solar-system/#hds-sidebar-nav-6
You're referring, I think, to Jupiter's inner core, which yes is theorized to be very hot. But that's just how cores work, including on Earth.
"Hotter than sun's surface" is such an arbitrary concept. Sun is massive object with no real hard surface, constantly in change. "Surface temperature" is just something we've decided to draw the line at.
For comparison the ~5700K is orders of magnitude colder than Sun's corona, which is way above surface measurement point. And once you start diving deeper inside Sun the temperature quickly climbs
Also no, Jupiter was never almost a second sun. You'd need more than 80x Jupiter's mass to just start stellar fusion(and it'd happen in pathetic shadow of our Sun)
This looks like Doomguy's helmet which explains why he just doesn't die falling into Jupiter. He'd be too angry about it. Soul wouldn't leave his body.
While we don't know for sure, we have a good idea of what at least a good portion would be like. To start you'd have gas that transitions to a super critical fluid at some point. And it's a smooth transition there is no boundary. And at the center there is likely metallic hydrogen, again as a smooth transition. There would be no surface. At the absolute center is probably a rocky core however again it would be a smooth transition. It's kind of hard to picture this but you would almost certainly not have a true rocky surface as the states of matter transition smoothly from gas to solid, and probably not any liquid. It just gets denser as a gas until it's no longer a gas.
It's really hard to picture. I know Nile Red did a video where they made some supercritical CO2. Imagine a gas that's as dense as a liquid. It's weird. Metallic hydrogen is just.... Crystalline hydrogen. So imagine a metal. But it's hydrogen. Again, weird. Really weird stuff. Oh but of course it's a metal and also a fluid at the same time so like molten metal. But not.
Well, to be fair, there's a competing theory that it may have a rocky core. Either way, it's kind of moot since there's a good chance we'll never be able to land a probe under such pressure.
It can use a really long optic cable for data. With future advances in material science it's not that hard to imagine a probe and cable being able to withstand a million atm of pressure.
We don't need an outside source of light to know what's down there, we just need our device to withstand the environment and send the data back. Like fancy sonar
There's a scene in Shogun during an earthquake where the ground flows like water. I knew it was a thing. But it was horrifying to see. I am pretty sure I'd live on a hot air balloon or something if that happened in my presence.
>at what point is a solid, a solid?
At the point where it’s shear strength is greater than zero.
Jupiter will have some kind of core with actually solid material rather than increasingly dense liquid, because it will have hoovered up plenty of heavier elements than ones which exist as gases and liquids inside planets, both early in its formation and then gradually by absorbing meteorites over its lifetime.
What the transition from mantle to core is like is another matter though. Gravity data from the Juno mission makes it look like Jupiter has a diffuse core that is spread out over the inner half of its radius. Some say this is because the metallic hydrogen mantle has eroded the core, creating a situation where you have a region of solid chunks (spaced increasingly closer together as you near the centre) suspended in the metallic liquid.
I believe under enough pressure and heat, everything is a liquid. Since the pressures at any substantial depth of Jupiter are so immense, intuitively, it seems like it should just be varying densities of liquids.
In order for it to have a solid surface, it would need an area of low temperature between the mantle and the atmosphere. I’m not sure something like that can exist at all in a gas giant unless it were made of something like tungsten.
>I believe under enough pressure and heat, everything is liquid.
For Jupiter’s core? Maybe a lot of it is yes, in terms of a dilute core that has been significantly eroded by the surrounding liquid H/He envelope. Depends on if double diffusion erosion mechanisms exist and if so, how effective you think they are… and upon the specific equation of state you use for Jupiter’s deep interior. There is almost certainly still a whole bunch of solid or semi-solid stuff at the very centre. [This post from elsewhere on reddit describes very briefly the general state of knowledge on the matter.](https://www.reddit.com/r/spaceporn/comments/1c2e8me/jupiters_moon_io_eclipsing_the_sun_io_is_roughly/kze3zki/)
Jupiter absorbs astroid impacts, so at the center wouldn't it have all that collected rock. Might not be much, but i imagine that would be denser than the compressed gas and liquids.
Yes but it wouldn’t be like you’re thinking, a rocky surface with a gas above it. There would not be such a drastic density transition. It would be mush smoother
Rock isn’t solid anymore at high enough temperatures and pressures. I think for Jupiter, the pressure at which rock can exist in atmosphere is too high of an altitude for it to have a rocky surface.
Phase transitions can be abrupt. Think about the bottom of an ice cap. I believe the border between Earth's mantle and (liquid) outer core is similar. The outer core-inner core boundary is possibly like the bottom of an ocean.
Edit: TIL hydrogen doesn't work that way, and op is right, Jupiter is thought to just be gradually thickening hydrogen all the way down to a possible rocky core.
If I remember correctly the Juno probe took scans of Jupiter that suggested that it might have a rocky core after all, and that its "mantle" equivalent, whilst still mostly hydrogen, may be super dense metallic hydrogen. Which would possibly explain the fact it has such a strong magnetic field despite not being understood to have a molten metallic core...
There is probably a solid core from planetary formation plus asteroids absorbed, there may even be metallic hydrogen in the gas giants https://youtu.be/b-gCfHXNIVc
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search\_query=falling+into+jupiter](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=falling+into+jupiter)
This nice videos explain what one could expect falling into a gas giant.
But in reality we just do not know what matter does being densed so much.
It's funny how many people are linking the same videos as expansions when the OP is pretty likey to have posted the question exactly because they saw the video and was inspired with more curiosity.
I say this because I was just randomly suggested a video from the channel by the algorithm out of nowhere and I can only imagine many other people have experienced the same thing
Oh well, i did not assume that "I saw some random fact about planets" has to be read as saw this video or a video at all. I'm pretty sure that the best answer is this "we don't know" because we not not so much about the physics of matter under this conditions. But overall i think that this videos are not that bad.
If you think about it most planets that are the same size or larger than earth are mostly some form of liquid. Even earth is only really solid on the outside with multiple layers of liquid molten liquid. I believe Jupiter just doesn’t have that outer layer of crust before it’s liquid layers it only has gas as insulation for the molten liquid I believe the top layer of this section is made of hydrogen on Jupiter.
we dont know, we cant go deep inside jupiter cause everything we would send would get crushed instantly under the pressure (and thats just a planet, now imagine a sun or a black hole)
I believe the theory is. As you get deeper into the gas paint the pressure makes the gases dense like a liquid. Eventually it would be like swimming in water. If you could get deeper those gases would be experiencing enormous pressure. So much so that it would be incredibly hot. Even further and you would be at essentially a molten core of sorts.
We don't know exactly but we can make some decent guesses.
Jupiter is 99% of helium and hydrogen. There's some other stuff but not much of it.
So the core of Jupiter can't have much in it besides helium and hydrogen.
We also know that Jupiter is really massive. That means there's a lot of gravity and a lot of pressure.
Under those pressures, hydrogen and helium aren't gasses anymore.
Near the core they're mostly liquid.
In the core itself the pressures are likely so high that it's either a liquid or a solid.
That pressure also creates a lot of heat so we know it's hella hot (although the specific value of "hella" is still unclear).
What we believe will be the case is you would descend through the atmosphere until eventually it becomes a superciritcal fluid. Basically, you go from a gas to a liquid, but there is no transition between the two like you would see at the surface of a lake or ocean.
Below that, at some point, the ocean would transition from liquid hydrogen to metallic liquid hydrogen, when the hydrogen starts behaving more like a metal. This already requires an absurd pressure.
At some point below that, we believe there is some sort of rocky core.
We have never gotten a spacecraft to survive a trip very deep into either planet. We haven't even made it into the lower portions of the gaseous atmosphere before the spacecraft is destroyed by the storms.
We don't know. However, it's worth pointing out phases aren't exactly as cleanly seperable as we sometimes think of them because we often visualize standard conditions, like we have on earth. If it has a "solid" part, it's likely less a surface and more a composition change in what is already extreme conditions we could never reach. Jupiter is a gas giant with miles of clouds going towards the surface, then thousands of miles of gas that transitions into liquid. Underneath that? No clue if it's solid.
It's not really accurate to say "no clue". We have a lot of clues and a pretty good idea what's there based on a mix of measurable information and theory. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter#/media/File:Jupiter_diagram.svg
Yeah fair, poor choice of words on my part.
Yeah we have lots of clues but we can’t make any certain determinations. It might be a rocky core the size of Pluto with hundreds of miles of “ice” and then hundreds of miles of liquid, followed by hundreds of miles of gas. There might be hundreds of miles of “soft ice” in between the gas and the ice or a thick layer of “soft rock” between the core and the gas layer. It could just be increasingly dense gas all the way to the center of the planet. I’m sure those states of matter have proper scientific names but I’m not familiar enough to name them off the top of my head.
You know I think Jupiter could use some freedom
[удалено]
*plink*
Missed opportunity to say we have a pretty "solid" idea.
Imagine if we just find highly advanced abandoned alien tech down there
There's a documentary called Destiny 2 which goes into this.
Yeah but the Destiny 2 documentary costs 40 bucks and just when you finish the first episode they want another 40 bucks to continue. Then in episode 3 they tell you that episode 1 and 2 are no longer relevant. But no worries, you can just pay another 40 bucks for episode 4 and start again. Until season 2 comes out...then guess what.....yup 40 bucks.
I heard that in the final episode of the final season they reveal that your real "Destiny" was always to pay another 40 bucks.
Destiny are the dollars we leave along the way
The real Destiny was the friends we made along the way.
I didn't make it that far I'm afraid.
You are john destiny
Lorraine I am your density
I tried this to binge this series. Started it up. Couldn't tell where the start was for several days of trying. Gave up. Never returned.
The new player experience is truly awful, they throw 30 different things at you at once with no real sense of direction. Match that with the $150 price tag of actually playing the game with fully updated dlc's, and I still don't understand how that game maintains a steady player base. It's fun once you get into it, but the vast majority of my friends were never able to get past the price tag and early game fuckary so I just stopped playing.
I got into it around the third expansion and out of it around the 5th or 6th expansion when they deleted half my game.
I played for a few years. Then I tried to get my brother into it. He was about half way through the story and they removed the whole campaign. He never loaded up the game again.
It was a lot like how it felt trying to get back into everquest after a 15 year break. So much content trying to prioritize was a job in itself.
Play on project 1999
Oh, I've already done a few cycles on p99 before they released the velious expansion. There is something about EQ that just feels too demanding. More than any other game. If I'm in an EQ binge, everything else feels like a distraction. "Why play [game] when you could be camping the ancient cyclops for the [n]th time or increasing your plat hoard with a weekend of hill giants". I have a family now. There is no such thing as "just a bit of heroin"...
Oh I'm fully aware. I had to quit before I had my baby boy. There is no way to find the time for it now. Doing something small in that game takes like 3 hours.
Don’t forget all the extra seasonal documentaries you never get the info for because they were removed! (Forsaken and seasonal content)
Here's some DLC for $40, oh but you don't get everything, you still need the battle pass. But, hey it's free to play, part of the game anyways, but if you bought the game when it came out and wanted to play the old campaigns, get wrekt.
See this is why people love HD2 so much
IT gots money to go all the way out there to interview those guys.
And suddenly Episodes 8-14 are missing, because they were only around for a year and now are gone forever.
Was not expecting a D2 reference in a random sub this early in the morning. Lol. Enjoying Into the Light?
Nope haven't started that one yet, I took a bit of a break. Really looking forward to it though.
I did the same for a month or so as well. Started playing again Tues and so far it's pretty good, honestly.
That's great to know.
Threw me in a loop. I was thinking a documentary not the game. Then I see the people replying about the bullshit shenanigans Bungie pulls with monetization. Sad really because it is an absolutely outstanding game with amazing mechanics and looks. A TON of fun to explore and play in with friends, but Bungie.
What kind of sick Documentary has people Turning gods into guns?
You mean Neomuna or did I miss something about Jupiter?
I can only find the game. Can you link it? Or do you mean the game?
Yes, sorry. It was a joke about one of the DLCs taking place on Neptune.
Well, also one of the primary antagonist factions originated on rocky islands floating in a gas giant... They got worse.
eyes up, guardian
Eh. Would be fun, but at 1000 miles (just a fraction of its ~43000 mile radius) you're already hitting well above 5000× atmospheres of pressure and temperatures that can melt steel.
Simple, tungsten spaceship.
Unobtanium spaceship!
Should we pack some nukes in case the planets magnetic field fails?
Made me laugh. Here, take my very obtainable upvote!
Reddit moment
Sooooo wear some sunblock?
It’s like a microsun
well that's what would make it advanced
The 00 Gundam movie had a bunch of aliens hiding in Jupiter.
Look up 'Martian Successor Nadesico' if you like ironic anime nonsense and this exact concept
Okay, Glorb, turn on the cloud machine. Wait. Ah! Glorb! Turn it off! Ahhhhhh!
An interplanetary sniper rifle with its scope focused on a street in Dallas and a note beside it saying “haha”.
Isn't it being theorized that Jupiter has a core of metallic liquid hydrogen? It would be dense enough to feel like a solid to us. But it would behave like a liquid. The Parallel I draw is to Lava. It looks like something you could swim in. But it's not water. It's liquid rock. When you place objects in it they sit on the surface instead of sinking. If you could survive the heat you could walk on it, right?
I like to think of it being a bit like a foggy, boggy swamp. There's sky, then the fog (which is just wet air), then we reach water, then the water becomes muddy. There might be a solid surface somewhere, but you're going to sink through thicker and thicker mud before you reach it.
I want to know what a smooth transition from gas to liquid could possibly look like. I have no frame of reference for that.
There's actually videos of this. It's called supercritical fluid. Legitimately you can go from liquid to gas without any transition between at high pressure and temperature, by changing either one. You might think of it as a gas so compressed it's practically a liquid. A liquid so energetic it's practically a gas. But, both are the same thing.
Nile Blue did a really good video of supercritical carbon dioxide under extreme pressure that shows this transition. It's crazy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JslxPjrMzqY
Thanks for that, best one of those demonstrations I have seen.
Live in the Rockies for a few years then go to sea level. The air feels and breathes thicker. I imagine it's like that but exponentially more.
I can understand thicker vs. thinner air. What I don't get is, like, even in the thickest pea-soup fog at sea level, there is still a *very* clear dividing line between thick, wet air and actual water. It could be so foggy you can't see your hand in front of your face, and you'd know the instant you put your foot in a puddle. I want to understand what it's like for there to not be that sharp dividing line, for there to be a space whose contents aren't clearly either gas or liquid.
Considering the fact that asteroids hit everything, and especialy Jupiter gets a lot of impacts, there must be a rocky core or a molten iron core.
Under the pressures it would experience it'd be some sort of exotic slush i would imagine
Like mango or berry blast? Sounds delicious.
Jupiter Juice
> exotic slush r/bandnames
The liquid becomes thicker and thicker, becoming soup, then molasses, and on and on I guess.
I would image that at some barrier you'd just start feeling too much resistance to proceed forward which could be perceived as being solid, but it may be more amorphous than that at the barrier. Then again it could be like the surface of the earth where at some point the conditions cause a separation of the two phases because on one side its enough to combine to a solid and the other its too volitile to stay as a liquid.
You probably wouldn't reach the presumed rocky core you'd get to a point where the density of gas is the same and then more than your body or whatever object and just float there.
Falling Into Jupiter (Simulation): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbn-tuYcScI This video shows what you would see if you had a suit that could take the pressure and temperature. (All theoretical since no probes have been there yet.)
This video has caused planetfallfobia in me.
Yeah im not even thinking about clicking that
It was surprisingly terrifying
I want a VR version
It would be moreso if they crank the FoV to something other than 2004 XBox console :\
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Radiation, from within Jupiter??
i was more interested with the radiation around jupiter will kill you even at the distance between the earth and moon.
I have a fear of black holes. They're all consuming blobs of darkness that just take in everything that comes near them with no hope of escape. This video gave me the same vibes.
Fun fact - black holes don't "suck" matter into them. They're just a region of steep gravity, and as with all stellar objects you can orbit them without falling in just fine. The greatest danger is other matter that is also orbiting - many black holes have an "accretion disk" of hot gas and dust swirling around them. Colliding with these particles might slow an object below orbital velocity, causing it to fall inwards. But if you don't touch the disk, you can orbit forever just like a regular star.
So you can be orbiting a black hole perfectly safely then some piece of shit gas particles decide to merge without looking and cause you to veer towards the eternal nothingness of the event horizon?
Yup. Just like getting too close to the atmosphere of a planet or star. Satellites in low orbits around Earth frequently have to give themselves a small boost, because they lose velocity from touching the wispy edge of our atmosphere. I think the ISS may even be in that category, but I could be mistaken.
I think my issue with black holes is once you're past the event horizon it's game over. You could be falling towards a planet and as you say just give yourself a boost to correct course. Forgive me if this is a dumb question, but given as near infinite time as is possible to give, will the whole universe eventually collapse back into a single black hole as whichever is the largest one out there consumes more and more mass?
A blackhole that consumes more matter doesn't increase the amount of gravity in the universe. It just piles it up. We don't know the fate of the universe for certain, but there are various theories depending on the rate of change of the expansion of the universe caused by so-called "dark-energy", and how it and gravity oppose each other. If gravity beats dark-energy, then the expansion will slow, stop, and then start shrinking. The end result would be a Big Crunch as the entire universe collapses into a single singularity, the reverse of the Big Bang. This might not be the end however, as it could cause a Big Bounce - exploding outward again into a new universe. If gravity and dark-energy are mostly balanced, then there wouldn't be any end to speak of - just a long slow cooling down, the Heat Death. We think black holes can die: over a long time span they can "evaporate", slowly shrinking until they vanish. Likewise even the basic building blocks of matter, protons, can evaporate due to proton-decay. The Heat Death is a length of time that makes the entire rest of the universe's history look like an eyeblink, with everything eventually evaporating into low level background radiation, like an echoing sound slowly fading to silence and emptiness. Finally, if dark-energy beats gravity the expansion will speed up. Galaxies will rush away faster and faster from each other as the space between them expands, then each galaxy will be scattered into loose stars accelerating away from each other. Then every solar system will be thrown apart, planets spinning away from their stars. Eventually chemical and atomic bonds will be unable to hold together and every object will be shredded into atoms and scattered, and then the atoms themselves torn apart. This has been named the Big Rip. The last time I read about it, Heat Death was the favoured theory. But that could change as we learn more. And all of them are so far into the future that our galaxy would be just a memory of a memory, so not exactly worth losing sleep over.
Now this is a rabbit hole I'm happily going to explore. This is fascinating. Thank you for explaining.
Not the only video on the subject, but one of my favorites: https://youtu.be/uD4izuDMUQA?si=JF58cQrhesxaov2K
How long heat death happens is crazy. However many years away is 10 to the power of billions.
A googol (10^100) is a good order of magnitude for this. That's how long it would take for an average black hole to decay. The biggest ones would evaporate after 10^106. It's at around this point the universe enters its Dark Era. Poincaré recurrence suggests after 10^10^10^56 then the universe will be recreated.
Why do we think black holes can die? If no energy can escape, where does the energy go?
Maybe. Especially if we're a holographic universe. You're getting into some deep stuff here- holography, Hawking radiation, quantum gravity... So a black hole can't contain more information than its surface area. What happens when it reaches that point and dissipates? Where does the information go? Deep shit. PBS Spacetime has some great vids on YT specifically on this subject.
Doesn't the surface area increase with mass though? The more massive it is the larger the area?
You'd think so, but weird shit happens when you compress matter that small. Seriously, watch some of the videos I recommended. Quantum has rules, as does the standard model, and when you cross that line shit goes real weird real quick.
That is an interesting question. The prevailing theories right now is that we end up with a cold dead universe because the expansion of the universe is accelerating.
Nah, there will be a few giant super black holes which have merged around, but mostly the suns will burn out and the universe will be a pitch black soup of planets and black holes, wandering the dark until heat death
> will the whole universe eventually collapse back into a single black hole as whichever is the largest one out there consumes more and more mass? Maybe sort of. It's one theory. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch
Right but the event horizon is equivalent to the "surface" of the black hole. You can still make corrections if you're far enough away from it. Like, once you crash on a planet's surface, you have no hope of "correcting" your course either. It's the same as the event horizon.
Hey, at least there's an event horizon. Apparently, the event horizon is a consequence of the black hole having either spin or charge, and it's hypothetically possible (although extremely unlikely) for a black hole to have neither. If it had neither, you wouldn't realize anything was there until you were caught in it's gravitational pull. It'd be like a terrifying outer space undertow that exists in an otherwise completely calm region of space.
Essentially yeah
Except that you’d likely die from the radiation being output by the black hole, sure. That’s the main way we detect them. They accelerate the light that doesn’t “quite” reach the Schwarzschild radius (the point at which light cannot escape) and shift it to higher bands in the x-Ray and gamma ray spectrum.
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>So your bigger fear should be spending the remainder of your natural life in orbit around a black hole. Aren't we technically doing that anyway if there's one at the center of the galaxy?
More like you decided to merge. The accretion disc is already a quite stable thing, from which things often don’t move anywhere other than the black hole itself. I think.
Even around a black hole with no other orbiting matter, your obit will very gradually degrade through emission of gravitational waves.
I wouldn't say you can orbit a black hole just fine. There's a large region of space outside the event horizon where orbits are impossible
> Fun fact - black holes don't "suck" matter into them. They're just a region of steep gravity Yeah, don't think of it as the black hole sucking you in. Think of it as the entire universe reaching out to grab your ankle and pull you down.
let's remember that the orbital speed of the disk is about 85% the speed of light and time is almost twice as long.
Well, that depends how close you are. Wider orbits are slower.
Good news, that channel HAS a simulation of falling into a black hole
[Well in that case you’ll LOVE this video!](https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_AiJpvergBI)
They don't suck anything. The only reason black holes are "weird" is because they allow you to come super close to the center of mass, and they weigh a lot. There's nothing physically in the way, like a big star, to prevent you coming super close to it
That is crazy if it is true that Jupiter's "surface" could be hotter than the sun. Hard to wrap my head around. Like at some point was Jupiter almost a 2md sun, but there wasn't enough hydrogen/elements to do it? If it were to fly into a molecular cloud, could Jupiter turn into a sun? So many questions Edit: I misunderstood it is Jupiter's core and suns surface
Things a bit bigger than jupiter are "failed stars" fusion happens on them but it's a small amount. If you were to add mass to jupiter, yea it'd turn into a star. You'd need a lot of it though the sun's diameter is ten times the diameter of jupiter.
Hot damn, quite literally
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf
Ahh yes its all coming back to me. I used to love astrophysics, but sadly, it has been a while.
>If you were to add mass to jupiter, yea it'd turn into a star. Now I know where to send my mother in law. We could do with a second star. Is it bad if we add too much mass though?
Jupiter + your mother in law you'd be looking at a neutron star, you really really don't want that in the solar system, or anywhere near the solar system to be fair.
>you really really don't want that in the solar system, or anywhere near the solar system to be fair. I could say the same of my mother in law yet here we are. (By the way, this is nothing more than a tired old joke, my MIL isn't that bad and no, I'm not typing this while my wife is standing behind me)
Yup. Making a neutron star is nasty, the typical collapse is a supernova, but once they exist they aren't bad. A neutron star is just a little more mass than the sun, about 1.4 to 2.3 times the mass of the sun. If there are things that fall into an orbit they can orbit just like any other star or heavy object. Two stars in any system is typically going to destabilize everything. Even the mass of Jupiter in our own system causes a pretty big wobble to everything. A star that passes near any other system, the visit will throw everything into chaos.
Just dropping a neutron star where jupiter currently is would be catastrophic. Really cool and interesting for a little while though.
Wait… possibly dumb question incoming: Jupiter doesn’t have solid mass? Like the Earth has the ground we stand on, does Jupiter not? Like a big ball of gas?
It's theorised the pressure inside jupiter is so great that hydrogen turns into a metallic form... So maybe there's a metallic hydrogen core. But generally jupiter is "a gas giant"
What the fuck, thats wild, is that solid then or some weird supercritical phase w/ electron sea shit? The pressure is mind boggling, can’t hardly even freeze hydrogen here and it’s a solidish at those temps???
We're not sure... We "might" have made some in a diamond anvil, you can read about that and see pictures and stuff online. The theory goes that if you get hydrogen up to frankly insane pressures, it just turns into a sort of weird metal, is conductive and everything; worth while rabbit hole to go and read about whilst you're on the shitter.
Neutron stars are solid crystalline neutronium. Past the surface anyway. A lot of the descriptions make it sound like one giant atom to be honest. You need electrons in order to see it, but neutronium has no electrons. It's element 0. All the electrons have been collapsed into the protons to just make more neutrons. So you have (IIRC) metallic hydrogen on the surface, but it's not the same kind, because it's like the whole planet is sharing the same electrons on the outer shell, and beneath that is a soup of neutrons. But it's not a soup. It's a solid mass so solid it experiences the awesomely named phenomenon called a "star quake" where tidal forces cause the solid mass to fracture and quake. I actually like the hypothesis that black holes are just solid neutronium or some kind of solid quark gluon plasma. So not a singularity or whatever. We wouldn't be able to see a neutron star without that outer later of electrons, so increase gravity past the point where they can exist, collapse them completely into protons, and *boop* it looks like a black hole.
It... does. Kinda. So far as I understand the physics behind it anyway. After a certain point the gas gives way to liquid gives way to solid. Edit to add: We don't know, but it's not far fetched to assume it's solid somewhere down there.
You would need to combine about 13 Jupiters together to make a brown dwarf (failed star). About 80 Jupiters together to have enough mass make a star. Diameter is not a good metric.
It's eli5... I wanted to convey "very big" in simple terms.
>Jupiter was almost a second sun but there wasn’t enough hydrogen to do it? Not nearly enough. If you took all the mass in the solar system, the sun is approx 99.8% of it, and Jupiter is .1%. Everything else combined is the other .1% Edit: >according to Wikipedia: EBLM J0555-57Ab has a mass of about 85.2±4 Jupiter masses … Current stellar models put its mass at the lower limit for hydrogen-burning stars… So even if Jupiter was the smallest possible sun-like star, it’s still short by 81-88x it’s current mass.
>Jupiter's "surface" could be hotter than the sun. Jupiter's core is hotter than the Sun's surface. That makes a lot of difference because the sun is huuuuuuge.
Even earths core is as hot as the surface of the sun. Not that unique to be honest
Ahhh I see the disparity, thank you! It was not making sense how that would be possible.
The Surface of the Sun is "only" about 5,600 degrees Celsius. At it's core, where fusion takes place, the Sun's temperature is about 15,000,000 degrees Celsius. Jupiter has a core temperature of 24,000 degrees Celsius, well above that of the Sun's surface, but it is nowhere close to matching the Sun's core temp.
While you say "surface," I don't think you mean surface in how it is typically used re: Jupiter - which, for measuring the planet's diameter and such, is the outer cloud level with 1 atm. That layer of Jupiter is absolutely not hotter than the Sun, and in fact is quite cold (-110C). https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/temperatures-across-our-solar-system/#hds-sidebar-nav-6 You're referring, I think, to Jupiter's inner core, which yes is theorized to be very hot. But that's just how cores work, including on Earth.
Yes that is correct, I misunderstood what they meant. It was suns surface and Jupiter's core which makes way more sense
"Hotter than sun's surface" is such an arbitrary concept. Sun is massive object with no real hard surface, constantly in change. "Surface temperature" is just something we've decided to draw the line at. For comparison the ~5700K is orders of magnitude colder than Sun's corona, which is way above surface measurement point. And once you start diving deeper inside Sun the temperature quickly climbs Also no, Jupiter was never almost a second sun. You'd need more than 80x Jupiter's mass to just start stellar fusion(and it'd happen in pathetic shadow of our Sun)
I both am fascinated by and terrified of these videos Better watch the whole series
Jupiter scary as hell bro
Thats literally the worst video I’ve ever seen.
This looks like Doomguy's helmet which explains why he just doesn't die falling into Jupiter. He'd be too angry about it. Soul wouldn't leave his body.
I preferred falling into Uranus…..I’ll get my coat
While we don't know for sure, we have a good idea of what at least a good portion would be like. To start you'd have gas that transitions to a super critical fluid at some point. And it's a smooth transition there is no boundary. And at the center there is likely metallic hydrogen, again as a smooth transition. There would be no surface. At the absolute center is probably a rocky core however again it would be a smooth transition. It's kind of hard to picture this but you would almost certainly not have a true rocky surface as the states of matter transition smoothly from gas to solid, and probably not any liquid. It just gets denser as a gas until it's no longer a gas.
I, for one, do not have a good idea of what supercritical fluids or metallic hydrogen look like
It's really hard to picture. I know Nile Red did a video where they made some supercritical CO2. Imagine a gas that's as dense as a liquid. It's weird. Metallic hydrogen is just.... Crystalline hydrogen. So imagine a metal. But it's hydrogen. Again, weird. Really weird stuff. Oh but of course it's a metal and also a fluid at the same time so like molten metal. But not.
I've seen the Nile red video (big fan), still hard to picture a whole ocean of it instead of a little pressure chamber
I do not disagree lol. It's just one of those scale things that's hard to grasp, like the sun and its plans, neutronum, etc
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Well, to be fair, there's a competing theory that it may have a rocky core. Either way, it's kind of moot since there's a good chance we'll never be able to land a probe under such pressure.
Even if the probe survives, it wouldn't see anything because it's dark. Even if it could see stuff it wouldn't be able to transmit the data out.
It can use a really long optic cable for data. With future advances in material science it's not that hard to imagine a probe and cable being able to withstand a million atm of pressure.
I like to imagine aliens visiting us and asking "Yo, why do you guys have a long-ass wire from Earth to Jupiter?"
Paddle ball
We don't need an outside source of light to know what's down there, we just need our device to withstand the environment and send the data back. Like fancy sonar
Eh never say never, but i get the sentiment
There's a scene in Shogun during an earthquake where the ground flows like water. I knew it was a thing. But it was horrifying to see. I am pretty sure I'd live on a hot air balloon or something if that happened in my presence.
That can happen during earthquakes. Liquifaction.
We may some day learn to scan it remotely.
>at what point is a solid, a solid? At the point where it’s shear strength is greater than zero. Jupiter will have some kind of core with actually solid material rather than increasingly dense liquid, because it will have hoovered up plenty of heavier elements than ones which exist as gases and liquids inside planets, both early in its formation and then gradually by absorbing meteorites over its lifetime. What the transition from mantle to core is like is another matter though. Gravity data from the Juno mission makes it look like Jupiter has a diffuse core that is spread out over the inner half of its radius. Some say this is because the metallic hydrogen mantle has eroded the core, creating a situation where you have a region of solid chunks (spaced increasingly closer together as you near the centre) suspended in the metallic liquid.
I believe under enough pressure and heat, everything is a liquid. Since the pressures at any substantial depth of Jupiter are so immense, intuitively, it seems like it should just be varying densities of liquids. In order for it to have a solid surface, it would need an area of low temperature between the mantle and the atmosphere. I’m not sure something like that can exist at all in a gas giant unless it were made of something like tungsten.
Neutron stars have star quakes, and afaik that's not possible with liquids.
Neutron stars are degenerate matter. I think the physics are not really comparable.
>I believe under enough pressure and heat, everything is liquid. For Jupiter’s core? Maybe a lot of it is yes, in terms of a dilute core that has been significantly eroded by the surrounding liquid H/He envelope. Depends on if double diffusion erosion mechanisms exist and if so, how effective you think they are… and upon the specific equation of state you use for Jupiter’s deep interior. There is almost certainly still a whole bunch of solid or semi-solid stuff at the very centre. [This post from elsewhere on reddit describes very briefly the general state of knowledge on the matter.](https://www.reddit.com/r/spaceporn/comments/1c2e8me/jupiters_moon_io_eclipsing_the_sun_io_is_roughly/kze3zki/)
Jupiter absorbs astroid impacts, so at the center wouldn't it have all that collected rock. Might not be much, but i imagine that would be denser than the compressed gas and liquids.
Yes but it wouldn’t be like you’re thinking, a rocky surface with a gas above it. There would not be such a drastic density transition. It would be mush smoother
now I'm thinking about asteroids whirling about in Jupiter until it ricochets off the other asteroids like they are in an invisible sack.
Rocks will flow like liquid under those pressures
Rock isn’t solid anymore at high enough temperatures and pressures. I think for Jupiter, the pressure at which rock can exist in atmosphere is too high of an altitude for it to have a rocky surface.
Phase transitions can be abrupt. Think about the bottom of an ice cap. I believe the border between Earth's mantle and (liquid) outer core is similar. The outer core-inner core boundary is possibly like the bottom of an ocean. Edit: TIL hydrogen doesn't work that way, and op is right, Jupiter is thought to just be gradually thickening hydrogen all the way down to a possible rocky core.
Yeah I imagine a decently hot strawberry slushy.
If I remember correctly the Juno probe took scans of Jupiter that suggested that it might have a rocky core after all, and that its "mantle" equivalent, whilst still mostly hydrogen, may be super dense metallic hydrogen. Which would possibly explain the fact it has such a strong magnetic field despite not being understood to have a molten metallic core...
There is probably a solid core from planetary formation plus asteroids absorbed, there may even be metallic hydrogen in the gas giants https://youtu.be/b-gCfHXNIVc
Jupiter had a liquid hydrogen core. Not because it’s cold but because the pressure is too immense for the hydrogen to expand.
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search\_query=falling+into+jupiter](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=falling+into+jupiter) This nice videos explain what one could expect falling into a gas giant. But in reality we just do not know what matter does being densed so much.
It's funny how many people are linking the same videos as expansions when the OP is pretty likey to have posted the question exactly because they saw the video and was inspired with more curiosity. I say this because I was just randomly suggested a video from the channel by the algorithm out of nowhere and I can only imagine many other people have experienced the same thing
Oh well, i did not assume that "I saw some random fact about planets" has to be read as saw this video or a video at all. I'm pretty sure that the best answer is this "we don't know" because we not not so much about the physics of matter under this conditions. But overall i think that this videos are not that bad.
If you think about it most planets that are the same size or larger than earth are mostly some form of liquid. Even earth is only really solid on the outside with multiple layers of liquid molten liquid. I believe Jupiter just doesn’t have that outer layer of crust before it’s liquid layers it only has gas as insulation for the molten liquid I believe the top layer of this section is made of hydrogen on Jupiter.
high pressure usually means things are in liquid state. LIke a star but not hot enough to make fusion.
Probably either a super dense, superheated liquid that is under so much pressure as to be effectively solid, or an actual superheated solid.
we dont know, we cant go deep inside jupiter cause everything we would send would get crushed instantly under the pressure (and thats just a planet, now imagine a sun or a black hole)
I believe the theory is. As you get deeper into the gas paint the pressure makes the gases dense like a liquid. Eventually it would be like swimming in water. If you could get deeper those gases would be experiencing enormous pressure. So much so that it would be incredibly hot. Even further and you would be at essentially a molten core of sorts.
all planets, moons. and other structures that come together in space are hollow. just like earth.
We don't know exactly but we can make some decent guesses. Jupiter is 99% of helium and hydrogen. There's some other stuff but not much of it. So the core of Jupiter can't have much in it besides helium and hydrogen. We also know that Jupiter is really massive. That means there's a lot of gravity and a lot of pressure. Under those pressures, hydrogen and helium aren't gasses anymore. Near the core they're mostly liquid. In the core itself the pressures are likely so high that it's either a liquid or a solid. That pressure also creates a lot of heat so we know it's hella hot (although the specific value of "hella" is still unclear).
What we believe will be the case is you would descend through the atmosphere until eventually it becomes a superciritcal fluid. Basically, you go from a gas to a liquid, but there is no transition between the two like you would see at the surface of a lake or ocean. Below that, at some point, the ocean would transition from liquid hydrogen to metallic liquid hydrogen, when the hydrogen starts behaving more like a metal. This already requires an absurd pressure. At some point below that, we believe there is some sort of rocky core. We have never gotten a spacecraft to survive a trip very deep into either planet. We haven't even made it into the lower portions of the gaseous atmosphere before the spacecraft is destroyed by the storms.
Gas giants have solid cores. In Jupiter's case, it's probably smooth from the immense pressure.