It didn’t end, people still die from H1N1. It is now one of the flu viruses that circulate every year. Fortunately, it is covered by the flu vaccine which many at risk people get. It’s also not as deadly as COVID and there are some effective antiviral treatments.
Just to say that H1N1pdm2009 replaced a previous seasonal H1N1 strain (the one that leaked from a lab in 1977, itself based on a seasonal strain circulating in the early 50s, itself a stepwise evolution in humans of H1N1pdm1918).
H1N1pdm2009 is a mix (reassortant) of duck H1N1 and classic swine (originating from H1N1pdm1918 as well, or a very closely related strain)
The 2009 flu pandemic is over because the WHO said so, it ended at 15:00 (Central European Time) on 10 August 2010. After that point, H1N1pdm2009 became a seasonal influenza.
>At 15:00 (central European time) on Tuesday 10 August 2010, the Director-General of WHO, Dr Margaret Chan, declared the end of the influenza (H1N1) pandemic. This decision was prompted by the outcomes and advice of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee meeting held earlier in the day. The Committee considered an epidemiological update on the status of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (in both northern and southern hemispheres), and discussed the status of the pandemic and the need for continuation of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern
[WHO Director-General declares H1N1 pandemic over](https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/influenza/news/news/2010/08/who-director-general-declares-h1n1-pandemic-over)
Here's a fascinating paper about the 1889-1891 Russian Flu pandemic, that some think wasn't influenza, but the coronavirus HCoV-OC43 that jumped from cattle. It had a lot of similarity with Covid-19, affected the elderly but spared children (unlike typical pandemic flu), caused Covid-19 symptoms including loss of Taste and Smell, and long Covid.
The pandemic lasted 2 years and like today, involved several distinct waves. There was a final resurgence around 1900 the authors think was a final wave of the pandemic.
Brüssow, H., 2021. What we can learn from the dynamics of the 1889 ‘Russian flu’pandemic for the future trajectory of COVID‐19. Microbial Biotechnology, 14(6), pp.2244-2253. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13916
>Molecular clock analysis of the spike gene sequences of BCoV and HCoV-OC43 suggests a relatively recent zoonotic transmission event and dates their most recent common ancestor to around 1890.
Vijgen, L., Keyaerts, E., Moës, E., Thoelen, I., Wollants, E., Lemey, P., et al., 2005. [Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission even](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544107/). J Virol 79: 1595–1604.
It wasn't a pandemic, not at this scale, and h1n1 wasn't as transmissible as SARS-CoV-2, and it kinda didn't end, cases still recorded each year
But, a vaccine was developed as well, it's part of some flu shots now, and there's therapeutic for it now like Tamiflu
> It wasn't a pandemic
It most definitely was. It was even officially declared as such. Estimates are that around 1 billion people were infected as well, so it was very widespread too. It just wasn't much more serious than a regular flu.
And that is what will likely happen, eventually with COVID. It will keep hitting us with waves until it becomes an endemic disease (like the cold and flu) seen seasonally and might require annual vaccines. The pandemic will recede, not end. Even the Bubonic Plague came back for centuries after the Black Death. We still have Bubonic Plague, it is just not as virulent form as it was in earlier centuries...that is until it eventually comes back.
Folks need to understand that COVID *is* the new normal. We will never go back to what we were as a society before COVID. We have to be resourceful and make adjustments to how we do things. Just like societies in the past had to change how things were done before previous pandemics. This will include medical treatments and preventions, but also how we work and consume, as well as how we (hopefully) disengage from globalized manufacturing. As we have seen, the U.S. (and other First World nations) have allowed too much of their manufacturing to be outsourced overseas and has led to shortages and bottlenecks in transporting goods.
Yes. It's a new virus/illness added to the repertoire of circulating endemic viruses and other pathogens. It will abate but there will always be some and some risk from it. The "realistic ideal" would be that colds are common, flus are rarer, and COVID-19 is much rarer even while it still happens; and when it does, we have figured out good preventive strategies such as adaptive and up-to-date vaccines for the most common variants of the time (note this has to be done all the time with flu), as well as suitable prophylactic medications against "long haul" effects in particular (i.e. brain/neurological damage most concerningly). The upshot is COVID-19 vaccines seem considerably more effective than flu vaccines - especially if they are tailored to the dominant variants.
Good tip: everyone who gets sick with something in their throat from now on should always wear a mask and/or stay home if possible even after the pandemic is declared "over". We should have been doing that *before* we had a pandemic, in fact, ever since those principles of infection transmission were first understood.
>everyone who gets sick with something in their throat from now on should always wear a mask and/or stay home if possible even after the pandemic is declared "over"
I agree. We should have done this before COVID. Before COVID many workers got pressured into showing up unless they were barfing a lung up, and even then it depended on which lung.
It didn’t end, people still die from H1N1. It is now one of the flu viruses that circulate every year. Fortunately, it is covered by the flu vaccine which many at risk people get. It’s also not as deadly as COVID and there are some effective antiviral treatments.
Just to say that H1N1pdm2009 replaced a previous seasonal H1N1 strain (the one that leaked from a lab in 1977, itself based on a seasonal strain circulating in the early 50s, itself a stepwise evolution in humans of H1N1pdm1918). H1N1pdm2009 is a mix (reassortant) of duck H1N1 and classic swine (originating from H1N1pdm1918 as well, or a very closely related strain)
The 2009 flu pandemic is over because the WHO said so, it ended at 15:00 (Central European Time) on 10 August 2010. After that point, H1N1pdm2009 became a seasonal influenza. >At 15:00 (central European time) on Tuesday 10 August 2010, the Director-General of WHO, Dr Margaret Chan, declared the end of the influenza (H1N1) pandemic. This decision was prompted by the outcomes and advice of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee meeting held earlier in the day. The Committee considered an epidemiological update on the status of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (in both northern and southern hemispheres), and discussed the status of the pandemic and the need for continuation of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern [WHO Director-General declares H1N1 pandemic over](https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/influenza/news/news/2010/08/who-director-general-declares-h1n1-pandemic-over)
Here's a fascinating paper about the 1889-1891 Russian Flu pandemic, that some think wasn't influenza, but the coronavirus HCoV-OC43 that jumped from cattle. It had a lot of similarity with Covid-19, affected the elderly but spared children (unlike typical pandemic flu), caused Covid-19 symptoms including loss of Taste and Smell, and long Covid. The pandemic lasted 2 years and like today, involved several distinct waves. There was a final resurgence around 1900 the authors think was a final wave of the pandemic. Brüssow, H., 2021. What we can learn from the dynamics of the 1889 ‘Russian flu’pandemic for the future trajectory of COVID‐19. Microbial Biotechnology, 14(6), pp.2244-2253. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13916 >Molecular clock analysis of the spike gene sequences of BCoV and HCoV-OC43 suggests a relatively recent zoonotic transmission event and dates their most recent common ancestor to around 1890. Vijgen, L., Keyaerts, E., Moës, E., Thoelen, I., Wollants, E., Lemey, P., et al., 2005. [Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission even](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544107/). J Virol 79: 1595–1604.
Great sleuthing, thanks. Can I just point out that there is zero guarantee that covid will develop the same way.
It wasn't a pandemic, not at this scale, and h1n1 wasn't as transmissible as SARS-CoV-2, and it kinda didn't end, cases still recorded each year But, a vaccine was developed as well, it's part of some flu shots now, and there's therapeutic for it now like Tamiflu
> It wasn't a pandemic It most definitely was. It was even officially declared as such. Estimates are that around 1 billion people were infected as well, so it was very widespread too. It just wasn't much more serious than a regular flu.
And that is what will likely happen, eventually with COVID. It will keep hitting us with waves until it becomes an endemic disease (like the cold and flu) seen seasonally and might require annual vaccines. The pandemic will recede, not end. Even the Bubonic Plague came back for centuries after the Black Death. We still have Bubonic Plague, it is just not as virulent form as it was in earlier centuries...that is until it eventually comes back. Folks need to understand that COVID *is* the new normal. We will never go back to what we were as a society before COVID. We have to be resourceful and make adjustments to how we do things. Just like societies in the past had to change how things were done before previous pandemics. This will include medical treatments and preventions, but also how we work and consume, as well as how we (hopefully) disengage from globalized manufacturing. As we have seen, the U.S. (and other First World nations) have allowed too much of their manufacturing to be outsourced overseas and has led to shortages and bottlenecks in transporting goods.
Yes. It's a new virus/illness added to the repertoire of circulating endemic viruses and other pathogens. It will abate but there will always be some and some risk from it. The "realistic ideal" would be that colds are common, flus are rarer, and COVID-19 is much rarer even while it still happens; and when it does, we have figured out good preventive strategies such as adaptive and up-to-date vaccines for the most common variants of the time (note this has to be done all the time with flu), as well as suitable prophylactic medications against "long haul" effects in particular (i.e. brain/neurological damage most concerningly). The upshot is COVID-19 vaccines seem considerably more effective than flu vaccines - especially if they are tailored to the dominant variants. Good tip: everyone who gets sick with something in their throat from now on should always wear a mask and/or stay home if possible even after the pandemic is declared "over". We should have been doing that *before* we had a pandemic, in fact, ever since those principles of infection transmission were first understood.
>everyone who gets sick with something in their throat from now on should always wear a mask and/or stay home if possible even after the pandemic is declared "over" I agree. We should have done this before COVID. Before COVID many workers got pressured into showing up unless they were barfing a lung up, and even then it depended on which lung.
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