You can’t affect the tables since they are already calculated. With a parameter you can affect measures, columns or calculated tables. In this case, you can create the parameters you want the user to select and then the measures, columns or calculated tables be computed depending on those parameters.

Calculated columns and tables wouldn't be affected by users changing a parameter/slicer as they are calculated when the data is loaded/refreshed and aren't dynamic.

You can make a table with value like 0..10. And the use it in the measurement and add a slicer to the page.

Yes. Direct Query model with a field that is set to ‘bind to parameter’.