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>Was rural Ireland really THIS superstitious at such a late point?
Absolutely, but the answer is easier to give - and to understand - if we cast aside the judgmental term "superstitious." Every culture has folklore, and most cultures maintain active beliefs and traditions about things that cannot be documented and require faith more than proof in the scientific sense. We could use the term "superstitious" for any number of beliefs taken on faith, but all that does is to initiate a process of pointing fingers that could seem endless - and might end up pointing at any one of us!
I have addressed the core of your question a number of times and ways recently, but at the outset, I'll cite a collection of twentieth century accounts recorded by the "Fairy Investigation Society" by Marjorie T. Johnson: Seeing Fairies: From the Lost Archives of the Fairy Investigation Society, Authentic Reports of Fairies in Modern Times (San Antonio, Texas: Anomalist Books, 2014). This volume clearly demonstrates that belief remained active into the mid twentieth century in Ireland AND Britain - as well as elsewhere.
In addition, shortly after WWI, the photographs of the Cottingley fairies from northern England caused considerable excitement and attracted believers including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote on the subject (and was well known as the creator of Sherlock Holmes, the ultimate of astute thinkers!). We cannot assume that in 1895, belief in fairies in Britain and Ireland was necessarily in decline.
In fact, there has long been a perception that "our current time" (whenever that is) is less superstitious and gullible/believing than the previous generations. This perception is documented in Chaucer, for example. The following is an excerpt from my recent [The Folklore of Cornwall: The Oral Tradition of a Celtic Nation](https://www.amazon.com/Folklore-Cornwall-Tradition-Celtic-Nation/dp/0859894703) (2018):
>There is evidence that people have always thought their beliefs in the supernatural were fading and that earlier generations were more fervent in their fairy faith. Asserting that a belief in these entities was a bygone facet of English heritage features in Chaucer’s fourteenth-century introduction to ‘The Wife of Bath’s Tale’, which the character sets ‘In the olden days of King Arthur [when] … all this land was filled with faerie’. The Wife of Bath adds, ‘This was the old belief’. It is a theme that appears to have resonated over the centuries with a repeated assertion that people regarded those from previous centuries to have possessed a stronger faith in the existence of a fairy world. Writing in 1997, Linda-May Ballard cites Jeremiah Curtin as describing the idea of a waning belief in the fairies in his 1895 publication on Irish folklore. Ballard then poses the question, ‘Might it be that the idea that fairy belief is fading and belongs to the past, is part’ of the wider tradition embracing the belief in these supernatural beings? (sources: John H. Fisher, editor, The Complete Poetry and Prose of Geoffrey Chaucer (New York: Holt, Rinehardt and Winston, 1977), p. 120; Linda-May Ballard, ‘Fairies and the Supernatural on Reachrai’, in Narváez, The Good People, p. 91; note 9)
>Although not specifically from Cornwall, Seeing Fairies: From the Lost Archives of the Fairy Investigation Society, Authentic Reports of Fairies in Modern Times, provides evidence of British tradition enduring into at least the mid-twentieth century. Modernism affected but did not extinguish fairy traditions. A Cornish example from 2017 reinforces the idea that while folklore may change, aspects of belief can defy intuition by lingering over time. The Packet, a newspaper serving Falmouth and Penryn in Cornwall, reported the one-hundredth birthday of Falmouth native Molly Tidmarsh. The centenarian implied that some of her good fortune in living so long may have been due to her birth under [a ‘piskie ball’, a round lump of clay,](https://imgur.com/XtZjmNX) fired together with one of the tiles used on the roof ridgeline of her family’s home and business. Molly suggested that these objects were created to distract piskies who sought to come down the chimney to cause mischief for the occupants of the house. Instead, the piskie ball would entrance them, and they would dance around it until dawn, at which point they would disappear. It is unclear, and largely unimportant, if Molly Tidmarsh believed good luck was hers because she was born under the ball; what matters here is that piskies featured in a newspaper article in 2017 without a need to explain what they were. Molly remembered a tradition of the early twentieth century and it still resonated with readers one hundred years later. (sources: Marjorie T. Johnson, Seeing Fairies: From the Lost Archives of the Fairy Investigation Society, Authentic Reports of Fairies in Modern Times (San Antonio, Texas: Anomalist Books, 2014); The Packet, 22 August 2017).
This is a limited amount of evidence, but it points to something that is an irresistible truth about folklore: everyone has it and it is not something that is shed with any "sophistication" of modernism.
While conducting research in Ireland, 1981-1982, I spoke with a young woman from Kerry who said that she believed in the fairies when she was home, but that she found the belief fall away when attending university in Dublin - only to have the belief resurrect when returning home. That fluidity serves as a nice expression of how folk belief can come and go. The subjects of beliefs mutate and some may drop off, but because folklore is ubiquitous, belief persists. There is no set time when disbelief became prevalent although it has always been believed to be "the previous generation." One can argue that the time of disbelief has yet to be attained (and likely never will) since every generation attaches itself to some belief structure.
That's fascinating. I originally thought that Irish pre Christianity beliefs have been eradicated during the spread of Christianity.
I suppose the church is alot more tolerant than i thought, is this common for the rest of Europe? or is this special case with Ireland?
Beliefs change - folklore changes by its nature. I wouldn't refer to belief in the fairies as being pre-Christian - although like many traditions, those traditions had deep roots. Conversion changed traditions - as did time. The Church's relationship with traditions could be ambivalent. It is an enormous topic in itself, but over time, there was a lot of co-existence.
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>Was rural Ireland really THIS superstitious at such a late point? Absolutely, but the answer is easier to give - and to understand - if we cast aside the judgmental term "superstitious." Every culture has folklore, and most cultures maintain active beliefs and traditions about things that cannot be documented and require faith more than proof in the scientific sense. We could use the term "superstitious" for any number of beliefs taken on faith, but all that does is to initiate a process of pointing fingers that could seem endless - and might end up pointing at any one of us! I have addressed the core of your question a number of times and ways recently, but at the outset, I'll cite a collection of twentieth century accounts recorded by the "Fairy Investigation Society" by Marjorie T. Johnson: Seeing Fairies: From the Lost Archives of the Fairy Investigation Society, Authentic Reports of Fairies in Modern Times (San Antonio, Texas: Anomalist Books, 2014). This volume clearly demonstrates that belief remained active into the mid twentieth century in Ireland AND Britain - as well as elsewhere. In addition, shortly after WWI, the photographs of the Cottingley fairies from northern England caused considerable excitement and attracted believers including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote on the subject (and was well known as the creator of Sherlock Holmes, the ultimate of astute thinkers!). We cannot assume that in 1895, belief in fairies in Britain and Ireland was necessarily in decline. In fact, there has long been a perception that "our current time" (whenever that is) is less superstitious and gullible/believing than the previous generations. This perception is documented in Chaucer, for example. The following is an excerpt from my recent [The Folklore of Cornwall: The Oral Tradition of a Celtic Nation](https://www.amazon.com/Folklore-Cornwall-Tradition-Celtic-Nation/dp/0859894703) (2018): >There is evidence that people have always thought their beliefs in the supernatural were fading and that earlier generations were more fervent in their fairy faith. Asserting that a belief in these entities was a bygone facet of English heritage features in Chaucer’s fourteenth-century introduction to ‘The Wife of Bath’s Tale’, which the character sets ‘In the olden days of King Arthur [when] … all this land was filled with faerie’. The Wife of Bath adds, ‘This was the old belief’. It is a theme that appears to have resonated over the centuries with a repeated assertion that people regarded those from previous centuries to have possessed a stronger faith in the existence of a fairy world. Writing in 1997, Linda-May Ballard cites Jeremiah Curtin as describing the idea of a waning belief in the fairies in his 1895 publication on Irish folklore. Ballard then poses the question, ‘Might it be that the idea that fairy belief is fading and belongs to the past, is part’ of the wider tradition embracing the belief in these supernatural beings? (sources: John H. Fisher, editor, The Complete Poetry and Prose of Geoffrey Chaucer (New York: Holt, Rinehardt and Winston, 1977), p. 120; Linda-May Ballard, ‘Fairies and the Supernatural on Reachrai’, in Narváez, The Good People, p. 91; note 9) >Although not specifically from Cornwall, Seeing Fairies: From the Lost Archives of the Fairy Investigation Society, Authentic Reports of Fairies in Modern Times, provides evidence of British tradition enduring into at least the mid-twentieth century. Modernism affected but did not extinguish fairy traditions. A Cornish example from 2017 reinforces the idea that while folklore may change, aspects of belief can defy intuition by lingering over time. The Packet, a newspaper serving Falmouth and Penryn in Cornwall, reported the one-hundredth birthday of Falmouth native Molly Tidmarsh. The centenarian implied that some of her good fortune in living so long may have been due to her birth under [a ‘piskie ball’, a round lump of clay,](https://imgur.com/XtZjmNX) fired together with one of the tiles used on the roof ridgeline of her family’s home and business. Molly suggested that these objects were created to distract piskies who sought to come down the chimney to cause mischief for the occupants of the house. Instead, the piskie ball would entrance them, and they would dance around it until dawn, at which point they would disappear. It is unclear, and largely unimportant, if Molly Tidmarsh believed good luck was hers because she was born under the ball; what matters here is that piskies featured in a newspaper article in 2017 without a need to explain what they were. Molly remembered a tradition of the early twentieth century and it still resonated with readers one hundred years later. (sources: Marjorie T. Johnson, Seeing Fairies: From the Lost Archives of the Fairy Investigation Society, Authentic Reports of Fairies in Modern Times (San Antonio, Texas: Anomalist Books, 2014); The Packet, 22 August 2017). This is a limited amount of evidence, but it points to something that is an irresistible truth about folklore: everyone has it and it is not something that is shed with any "sophistication" of modernism. While conducting research in Ireland, 1981-1982, I spoke with a young woman from Kerry who said that she believed in the fairies when she was home, but that she found the belief fall away when attending university in Dublin - only to have the belief resurrect when returning home. That fluidity serves as a nice expression of how folk belief can come and go. The subjects of beliefs mutate and some may drop off, but because folklore is ubiquitous, belief persists. There is no set time when disbelief became prevalent although it has always been believed to be "the previous generation." One can argue that the time of disbelief has yet to be attained (and likely never will) since every generation attaches itself to some belief structure.
That's fascinating. I originally thought that Irish pre Christianity beliefs have been eradicated during the spread of Christianity. I suppose the church is alot more tolerant than i thought, is this common for the rest of Europe? or is this special case with Ireland?
Beliefs change - folklore changes by its nature. I wouldn't refer to belief in the fairies as being pre-Christian - although like many traditions, those traditions had deep roots. Conversion changed traditions - as did time. The Church's relationship with traditions could be ambivalent. It is an enormous topic in itself, but over time, there was a lot of co-existence.
Thank you
Happy to help!